Best Military Tank - You have to remember this: China has a Type 59 Army, but it is capable of designing and operating a first class main battle tank. This is in line with President Xi Jinping's recent plans to reduce the size and quality of the armed forces.
United States. And Russia. (Note that such quantities include vehicles in stock and in reserve. The number of containers per operating unit is lower in each case).
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However, most of the Beijing tanks are older models, especially the Type 59 and Type 69, which are direct copies of the Soviet T-54 tanks of the 1950s. Their civility is such that I once had the pleasure of running into one in a (young) children's playground in Tianjin.
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However, China's best tank, the Type 99, was never exported or used in combat, earning a healthy respect from international observers. The reason is simple: the reported performance figures are on par with the best Western models, and the Type 99 has a few unique tricks of its own.
Today we see the Type 99 meet two milestones: the American M1A2 Abrams and the Russian T-90A tank.
How likely is it that some of the US Army's M1 Abrams tanks will run into a Type 99?
One must consider: Can a car swim across the Pacific Ocean and shoot across Scarborough Shoal?
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Damage aside, this seems unlikely, except for amphibious assault scenarios suitable for the Operation Flashpoint PC game. On the other hand, Taiwan has expressed interest in buying Abrams tanks, and Australia also uses 60 tanks, so never say never.
However, the question becomes more important when looking at the Russian T-90. Moscow currently enjoys good relations with its neighbor Beijing, but the states, which almost went to war in the late 1960s, are not close allies.
Most notably, Russia sells arms to India and Vietnam, including systems specifically designed to counter China's military, including Brahmos cruise missiles and more than 1,000 T-90 tanks, many of which are located on the Himalayan border.
China went to war with India in 1962 over this border and another with Vietnam in 1979 to punish the country's opposition to the Beijing-backed Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia. (Vietnam also wants to order the T-90.)
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Today, China's military still sees future superpower India as a threat and has heavily militarized their shared border by building roads through steep mountains to allow heavy military vehicles to pass through. China is also an ally of Pakistan, which has repeatedly been at war with India and occasionally transfers military technology there.
Finally, consider the possibility of civil war or government collapse in North Korea. What Beijing's policy would be in such a scenario is a trillion dollar question, but one scenario could involve Chinese ground forces intervening to restore order in North Korea, leading to a conflict with Korean forces.
So while actual armed conflict, like most wars, is unnecessary and has significant negative consequences for all parties, there are tank battles on China's borders, especially with Russian tanks.
The Abrams, of course, is a classic American design that destroyed Soviet-made Iraqi tanks in the 1991 Gulf War without losing a single tank to enemy fire. The Abrams isn't exactly new, but the military has been constantly improving its munitions, armor package and sensors to keep it up to date.
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The T-90 is Russia's first post-Cold War tank. Although not a peer of the Abrams, it still has significant improvements in accuracy and protection, especially compared to later models with explosive reactive armor. Russia is introducing its revolutionary new T-14 tank, but for now it still has 550 T-90A front-line armored vehicles.
Moscow developed the more advanced T-90AM, but never put it into full production. However, 354 similar export versions of the T-90MS were sold to India for use on its border with China. In total, India has more than 1,200 T-90s and Algeria has more than 800 aircraft.
The Chinese Type-99 combined a stretched T-72-like fuselage with a western turret inspired by the German Panther 2. It first appeared in 1999 as a prototype Type 98 tank during the National Day Parade. Redesigned Type 99 and entered service in 2001. At 57 tons, it sits between the 70-ton Abrams and the 48-ton T-90. Several upgrades, including a new version of the Type 99A2, offer advanced new technologies. Almost 500 Type 99s are in use in Beijing for the 16th Armored Battalion, of which 124 new 99As are currently in production. China's VT4 export tank uses some technology, but this type is not recommended for export.
The Type 99 and T-90 are powered by a 125 millimeter gun using a carousel autoloader derived from a Soviet-era design. This weapon proved underpowered against the Abrams and Challenger tanks in the Persian Gulf War, but a new improved tungsten bullet was able to penetrate the frontal armor of the Abrams at short range.
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The new Type 99A2 comes with a longer-barreled main gun, which in theory should provide higher muzzle velocity to destroy projectiles and improve armor penetration and accuracy. It also has new stabilization technology.
China plans to eventually install a larger 140mm gun on the Type 99, but the gun failed in initial tests. It shows Russia's plans to equip the new T-14 Armata tank with the same caliber gun.
Armed with the politically controversial M829 depleted uranium cartridge, the Abrams 120 millimeter Rheinmetal gun has an estimated 15-25% better armor penetration. The US is now producing a new generation M829 capable of penetrating advanced contact and reactive armor systems developed by the Russians (more details below).
China has developed its own depleted uranium projectile for the 125 mm gun, which it says can penetrate the M1 at a distance of 1.4 kilometers.
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The Abrams uses a fourth crew member to load the gun, which American tankers say provides better reliability, a higher rate of fire and gives the tank a spare hand if one of the crew members is incapacitated. Space for a fourth crew member, however, makes the M1 larger and heavier.
Missile approved by Russia). This could theoretically be useful in combat against very long-range or low-flying helicopters. However, anti-tank missiles have been in use for fifty years without much use.
Powerful sensors for equipping and targeting can be as decisive as firepower in a tank battle. Although Russia has made some progress in tank sights and thermal imaging in recent years, there is a general consensus that Western sights and sensors are still superior. The T-90A doesn't have the best Russian hardware (some of it has been upgraded with the French Catherine thermal sight), but the T-90MS has the Kalina targeting system.
China is known for its excellent electronics, and the Type 99A2 has a new infrared tracking system that can effectively hunt down enemy tanks and is believed to be superior to the T-90A's systems.
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The Type 99 is useful for both composite armor and Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA) or explosive blocks that detonate incoming shells prematurely. The new Type 99A2 version uses a multi-layer system
The Russian-developed ERA uses radar to detonate the ERA before it is hit by a hostile projectile. It is designed to destroy older ERA compatible tandem triggers.
The T-90A uses the older Kontakt-5 ERA, while the new T-90MS tanks in service with India use the Relikt system. Although both systems are most effective against anti-tank missiles, they reduce tank penetration.
The Type 99 also has a laser warning receiver that allows the driver to avoid danger if the tank commander paints the vehicle with a hostile laser. This can dramatically improve survivability given the footage of tanks sitting undetected as anti-tank missiles from Syria and Yemen roll towards them (often for 20 seconds or more).
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The Type 99 is said to feature a unique, powerful "eye dazzle" laser designed to jam lasers and infrared missiles, damage enemy vision, blind enemy gunners, and potentially have a permanent effect. Fortunately, high-powered tank-mounted flashers have never been used in combat, so we don't know how well they work. Know this: Even with current upgrades, the M1 Abrams is 40 years old and battle tested. It is one of the best tanks in the world. Maybe the best tank ever.
The M1 Abrams was developed in the 1970s to bridge the "tank" gap in the Soviet Union. After the failure of the MBT-70 joint American-West German tank project, the US Congress ordered the US military to go it alone.
The M1 is named after former Army Chief of Staff and 37th Armored Battalion commander General Creighton W. Abrams.
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